Database Management System

A Database Management System

In addition to the data itself, a set of program is necessary to facilitate adding new data as well as modifying and retrieving existing data within a database. This set of programs is referred to as database management system (DBMS). Generally, the user of a database management system accesses the database via a special query language or via applications programs written in a high-level language. The applications program utilizes special host- or command-language instructions to communicate requests for data to the portion of the DBMS referred to as the database processing system. Basically, the database processing system consists of a series of programs that translate requests from users or user programs into the instructions necessary to access, add to, change, or delete records or items of data from database. Thus, an applications program need include only a command to access the desired data element. The actual mechanics of locating and accessing the data element are accomplished by the database processing programs. Accessing Data from a database in response to an applications program request. Application program instruction initiates a request for data Control unit transfers control to DBMS DBMS verifies that the request is valid and determines location of data element in database DBMS issues command to access data from secondary storage Data element is accessed and stored in a buffer of the DBMS DBMS transfers data element to application program storage area Next instruction in application program is accessed and executed Database - Advantages & Disadvantages         Advantages Reduced data redundancy Reduced updating errors and increased consistency Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages Improved data security Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs Facilitated development of new applications program          Disadvantages Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design Substantial hardware and software start-up costs Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system Initial training required for all programmers and users Query Language  In addition to a data dictionary, most DBMSs also provide a query language that enables a user to request and receive information directly from the database system. The complexity of this query language and the level of difficulty using it varies greatly with the DBMS. Some query languages are procedural and require step-by-step instructions to be written, as with a high-level language. Others accept English-like commands or guide the user with a series of fill-in questions, or even display menu on the terminal monitor form which the user must select a desired command. Query languages supplied with microcomputer database packages are almost always used to interact with the database and provide built-in help for novice users. Data Structures The structures of the data within a database can be viewed in two ways, physically and logically.    The physical data structure refers to the physical arrangement of the data on the secondary storage device, usually disk. Typically, this physical structure is the concern of specialists who design DBMSs. Analysts, programmers, and users are generally less concerned with the physical structure than with the logical structure.    The logical data structure concerns how the data "seem" to be arranged and the meanings of the data elements in relation to one another. This structure, or model, is generally defined in terms of a schema- an overall conceptual view of the logical relationships between the data elements in the database. It includes the names of the major elements, their attribute, and the logical relationships between them. The figure below shows a schema that might apply to database of an autoparts store. Although greatly simplified, it illustrates that relationships exist between part numbers, types of cars, models, and manufactures. The connecting lines indicate links and the arrows the type of relationship. For example, in this schema, manufacturer is linked to part number, and the relationship in one-to-many (a double-headed arrow implies many and single-headed arrow one). That is, one manufacturer produces many part numbers, but each part number has only one manufacturer. There are also indirect links indicated. A part number, for example, is linked to type of vehicle through model. Logical Data  Logical Data Structures Several logical data structures are used to express the relationships between individual data elements or records in a database. Common logical data structures are hierarchical, network, and relational, with relational being predominant. Hierarchical Structure    In a hierarchical structure sometimes referred to as a tree structure, the stored data get more and more detailed as on branches further and further out on the tree. Each segment, or node, may be subdivided into two or more subordinate nodes, which can be further subdivided into two or more additional nodes. However, each node can emanate form only one "parent". To the user, each record resembles an organizational chart in which the segments or nodes fit into a well-defined hierarchy or tree. There is only one segment, or root, at the top.    Applications programs process hierarchical databases one record at a time, as with conventional file structures. Hierarchical database structures are commonly used with large mainframe computer systems. Network Structure    The network structure is similar to the hierarchical structure with the exception that in the network structure, a node may have more than one parent. The trade-off between the simplicity of design of a hierarchical structure and the storage efficiency of a network structure is a very important consideration in database implementation. Network structures are most commonly used with mainframe and minicomputer systems, rarely with microcomputers. Relational Structure    The relational structure organizes data in two-dimensional tables. These tables offer great flexibility and a high degree of data security. The relational structure uses relatively little memory or secondary storage. Unfortunately, the process of creating these tables is rather elaborate. Another disadvantage of this structure is that it generally requires more time to access information than does either of the other two structures. This is because much more information must be searched in order to answer queries posed to the system. In addition, some implementations use a fixed amount of storage for each field, resulting in inefficient storage utilization. In spite of these disadvantages, the relational structure has gained rapid acceptance and is currently the most popular of the three structures. This structure is used almost exclusively with microcomputer systems and is increasingly being applied to minicomputer and mainframe systems. Many experts predict that it will eventually replace the other structures completely.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database          http://www.cl500.net/dbms.html          http://www.thearling.com/text/dmtechniques/dmtechniques.htm

FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE DESIGN

BRIEF HISTORY    

In the late 1960s the mathematician Dr E F Codd, who was then working at the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, proposed a major step forward in database systems. He suggested that the rigid principles of mathematics could be used to design, create and manage a database system. Codd's ideas were first published in 1970 in a seminal paper 'A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks'.

This research gave birth to the relational model on which relational databases are based. It also led to the development of a database analysis and design methodology known as normalisation. This methodology addressed the problems associated with data duplication, insertion, deletion and updates. These issues will be discussed in more detail later.It is important to note that this design methodology is concerned with determining the contents of a database and is independent of the constraints of the final physical database chosen.  

One of the rules proposed by Codd was that a relational database should include a common language that is used to: 

• create the database
• store and manipulate the data within it 

• manage security.

The language that was widely adopted was  Structured Query Language (SQL) (commonly pronounced 'sequel'). 

DATABASE DEFINE 

A database is a collection of records stored on some type of media. Storage in the past has included punch cards, paper tape, magnetic tapes and disks. Previously, different departments in a company would design their own databases with their own copies of data. So, for example, there would be multiple copies of employee details held in various systems and departments, eg: Human Resources, Pensions and Project Management. Let us look at an example of an employee 'Billie Jones' and different departments holding her details: 

Information held by Human Resources	Information held by IT Department
Surname: Jones	Surname: Jones
Forename: Billy	Forename: Billie
DOB: 28/08/1980	DOB: 28/08/1980
Department: IT	Department: IT
Address: 1 Bath Street	Address: 23 Hope Street
Gender: Female	Gender: Female
Salary: £23,000	Salary: £27,000

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS  

A good database management system (DBMS) should provide the following advantages over a conventional system:

Advantages

1. Reduced data redundancy
2. Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
3.  Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
4.  Improved data access to users through use of host and query language
5.  Improved data security
6.  Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs

However, the following can be viewed as some of the limitations of a database 

Disadvantages

1. Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
2. Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
3.  Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
4.  Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system  
5.  Initial training required for all programmers and users

STAGES IN CREATING A DATABASE  

The process of creating a database can be broadly divided into two main stages:

1. Data analysis- involves using a formalised methodology to create a database design. Two widely used methods are Entity Relationship Modelling (ER) and Normalisation. During this Unit we will be examining the latter. It is important to note that a database design is independent of the final database system chosen. Therefore, the same design can be physically implemented in different types of databases.
2.  Physical implementation -of that design in a database system. The database system used in this course is Oracle, a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) from Oracle Corporation. However, there are many other RDBMSs used in industry, eg: MySQL (open source)DB2 (IBM) and SQLServer (Microsoft).

As you move from a database design to a physical implementation, different terminology is used. However, often the terms are interchangeable. The following diagram explains some of the terms used at the different stages. 

Entity 

An entity is any object in the system that we want to model and store information about. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events which have relevance to the database. Some specific examples of entities are Employee, Student, Lecturer. An entity is analogous to a table in the relational model.Note - the convention is to use singular names when identifying entities. Entities are represented by rectangles (either with round or square corners):  

Attribute 

An attribute is an item of information which is stored about an entity. For example, the entity 'lecturer' could have attributes such as staff id, surname, forename, date of birth, telephone number, etc. An attribute can only appear in one entity, unless it is the key attribute in another entity. In a traditional filing system an attribute equates to a field in a record. 

http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/MDBS01CD/page_02.htm#Brief

APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT DALAM PENGURUSAN ORGANISASI

Perkembangan teknologi maklumat membolehkan lebih ramai masyarakat memperoleh serta menggunakan IT untuk pelbagai urusan seharian. Antara penggunaan IT yang paling ketara dalam pengurusan organisasi pada masa kini adalah penggunaan sistem kod palang. Sistem kod berpalang dan teknologi komputer banyak diaplikasikan oleh setiap perniagaan terutamanya di sektor pengurusan perniagaan peruncitan. 

Selain daripada itu, penggunaan internet dapat membantu aspek pemasaran bagi sesebuah organisasi perniagaan. pada ketika ini, penggunaan internet sebagai media pengiklanan telah digunakan dengan begitu meluas. Kaedah pemasaran menggunakan internet adalah lebih praktikal berbanding dengan kaedah pengiklanan menggunakan media elektronik dan media cetak. 

IT juga telah membawa perubahan terhadap kaedah pengambilan pekerja. Pengambilan pekerja dapat dilakukan secara online menerusi internet atau laman web syarikat. kaedah ini dikenali sebagai internet recruitment. Dengan cara ini, syarikat dapat mengurangkan kos pencetakan borang permohonan dan kos pengeposan. 

Perlu diketahui bahawa, aspek pengurusan organisasi yamg awal dan paling ketara dalam penggunaan dan penerimaan IT adalah dalam bidang proses pengeluaran. Sebelum kedatangan peralatan IT yang lebih canggih, proses pengeluaran telah menerima kehadiran bantuan peralatan pengkomputeran untuk  mengawal mesin-mesin yang bekerja. Pihak pengurusan hanya memerlukan tenaga mahir, separuh mahir dan pakar untuk tujuan kawalan dan pengendalian secara berterusan. Kini, kehadiran IT yang berbentuk robotik semakin canggih dan semakin meluas digunakan. 

Selain itu, aktiviti pengurusan kewangan sesuatu perniagaan juga dibantu oleh sistem IT untuk menguruskan, mengumpul, merekod dan mengemaskinikan semua maklumat yang berkaitan dengan kewangan. Antaranya seperti sistem payroll untuk pembayaran gaji dan juga perisian Mr. Accounting untuk merekod setiap urusniaga harian organisasi.

sumber: Jurnal Teknikal dan Kajian Sosial oleh Hayati@Habibah Abdul Talib & Khairur Rijal Jamaludin

PERANAN SISTEM MAKLUMAT

1.Menjalankan operasi perniagaan 

*Menjalankan urusan pentadbiran , dan aktiviti perniagaan sesebuah organisasi

*Menyediakan perkhidmatan , memperkenal dan menjual barangan dan seterusnya memperolehi keuntungan

*Untuk memastikan urusan perniagaan boleh dilaksanakan , satu sistem yang cekap dan memenuhi semua kehendak perniagaan 

2.Membuat keputusan oleh pihak pengurusan

*Data -data dan maklumat transaksi dari aktiviti harian diguna pihak pengurusan

untuk membuat analisa , meramal dan seterusnya dan membuat keputusan penting tentang sesuatu perkara

*Maklumat -maklumat ini digunakan untuk merangka pelan tindakan strategik dan hala tuju 

3.Kemampuan bersaing 

*Maklumat yang diperoleh akan digunakan untuk merangka rancangan dan tindakan susulan dalam usaha mengekalkan daya saing syarikat dalam pasaran semasa

CIRI MAKLUMAT 

1-Ketepatan

Dinilai berdasarkan beberapa perkara : sumber maklumat tersebut diambil , cara pengambilannya , pihak yang mengambilnya , pihak yang menyebarkannya , bertepatan dengan realiti dengan semasa yang berlaku

2-Lengkap

Jika maklumat yang diperolehi tentang sesuatu perkara tidak menyeluruh dan tidak lengkap akan menyebabkan keputusan sukar dibuat dan mengakibatkan juga ketidaktepatan dalam keputusan yang telah dibuat 

3-Jimat

Maklumat seharusnya bersifat murah untuk diperolehi

Para pembuat keputusan hendaklah sentiasa menyumbangkan nilai maklumat dengan kos perbelanjaan untuk memperolehinya

Antara perkara yang perlu diambil kira ialah berpatutankah kos perbelanjaan yang perlu dikeluarkan berbanding dengan perolehan dan nilai produk yang akan dikeluarkan nanti

Jika nilai maklumat itu adalah mahal tetapi ianya akan membawa peluang yang besar kepada syarikat , pelaburan untuk memperolehinya adalah satu keperluan

4-Anjal

Maklumat yang anjal ialah maklumat yang boleh digunakan untuk pelbagai tujuan

Maklumat anjal amat penting dalam urusan perniagaan syarikat -. -. - 

5-Boleh dipercayai

Maklumat yang boleh dipercayai membolehkan kebergantungan pengguna kepadanya

Kebolehpercayaan bergantung kepada kaedah pengumpulan data, juga sumber maklumat tersebut bergantung kepada

Penggunaan maklumat yang tidak boleh dipercayai , akan mendatangkan risiko dan kesan buruk amat ketara dalam syarikat

6-Perkaitan

Maklumat yang relevan dan berkaitan dengan perkara yang perlu diputuskan adalah amat penting bagi para pembuat keputusan

Kegagalan mengambil kira perkaitan sesuatu perkara dangan perkara yang lain, akan membawa padah aspek pengurusan

7-Ringkas

Maklumat yang baik sepatutnya bersifat ringkas

Ringkas disini dalam erti kata merangkumi semua fakta yang diperlukan terus kepada butiran perkara yang tidak menyimpang dari topik asal

Ia juga bermaksud mudah difahami , bukan yang kompleks

8-Mudah diperolehi

Maklumat yang mudah diperolehi membantu operasi berjalan lancar

Juga berkait rapat denga aspek penyimpanan data cara dan lokasi penyimpanan maklumat yang teratur menjadikan maklumat mudah diperolehi bila diperlukan 

9-Pengesahan

Maklumat yang baik dan bernilai harus boleh disahkan kita boleh memeriksanya sama ada benar atau sebaliknya 

Cara pengesahan boleh dilakukan dengan cara menyelidiki sumber maklumat itu

Pengesahan penting untuk membolehkan kita yakin dengan maklumat tersebut

10-Mudah dimasuki

Maklumat seharusnya mudah dimasukioleh pengguna yang berhak , memperolehinya apabila diperlukan

11- Keselamatan

Maklumat mesti selamat daripada dimasuki pengguna yang tidak berhak dan tidak terlibat

Ada prosedur dan kaedah yang tertentu yang ditetapkan untuk menjamin keselamatan maklumat tersebut

Kaedah penyimpanan juga mesti sentiasa dipertingkatkan untuk mengelakkan dimasuki , dicuri atau dimusnahkan oleh penceroboh 

Sistem Maklumat Terbahagi Kepada 2: 

1 )PENGURUSAN SISTEM SOKONGAN OPERASI:

-Sistem Maklumat Pengeluaran

-Sistem Maklumat Pemasaran

-Sistem Maklumat Kewangan

-Sistem Maklumat Perakaunan

-Sistem Maklumat Sumber Manusia

-Sistem Maklumat Pemprosesan Transaksi 

2 )SISTEM SOKONGAN PENGURUSAN:

-Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat

-Sistem Sokongan Keputusan

-Sistem Sokongan Keputusan Kump

-Sistem Maklumat Eksekutif

-Sistem Sokongan Eksekutif

-Sistem Pekerja

-Pengetahuan

SISTEM MAKLUMAT part 2

EVOLUSI SISTEM MAKLUMAT

1970- Tekankan laporan dan maklumat yang berkaitan untuk membantu pihak pengurusan .

-Maklumat diambil daripada pelbagai

sumber berkaitan

1980- Peranan sistem maklumat selaras dengan perkembangan teknologi komputer , perisian dan rangkaian

-Aplikasi teknologi maklumat dalam pengurusan

1990- Muncul dimensi , di mana konsep sistem maklumat eksekutif . Fenomena ini dicetuskan oleh perkembangan bidang buatan Arificial Intelligent (AK) , sistem pakar (Expert Sistem ES) dan sistem -pekerja pengetahuan (Knowledge Worker System KWS).

Terkini Sistem maklumat digunakan sebagai satu alat (tool) yang berkesan.Dengan itu , muncul sistem maklumat strategik yang berperanan menyediakan organisasi dengan limpahan maklumat.

JENIS SISTEM MAKLUMAT

1. Sistem Sokongan Keputusan

• Dikenali Decision Support System (DSS)
• Diguna sbg aplikasi bantuan pihak pengurusan atasan & mengendali keputusan tidak berstruktur

  
   2.  Sistem Maklumat Eksekutif

• Dikenali Executive Information System & Menyerupai Sistem Sokongan Keputusan
• Khusus untuk penggunaan pengurusan atasan dalam membuat keputusan strategik

    3.   Sistem Pakar

• Dikenali Expert System
• Digunakan oleh pihak pengurusan dan bukan pengurusan
• Satu aturcara yang diguna khusus untuk tujuan membuat keputusan
• Keputusan mirip keputusan yang dibuat manusia

    
    4 .  Sistem Pengkomputeran Pengguna Akhir

• Dikenali End User Computing System
• Sistem yang menyokong kedua dua pihak : pengguna dan pengurusan
• Menggunakan komputer peribadi dan perisian yang sesuai dengan tugas masing masing.

    5.  Sistem Maklumat Strategik

• Dikenali Strategic Information System
• Sebagai alat sokongan dalam perniagaan
• Merangka strategi untuk memenangi persaingan perniagaan
• Gabungan pelbagai jenis sistem maklumat
• Peranan membantu organisasi lebih berdaya saing

    6.  Sistem Maklumat Perniagaan

• Menyokong operasi dan pengurusan bagi aktiviti asas bisnes sesebuah syarikat
• Aplikasi termasuk sistem pengilangan,pengeluaran,sistem kewangan,perakauanan,sumber manusia dan pemprosesan transaksi

    7.  Sistem Maklumat Bersepadu

• Dikenali Integrated Information System
• Menggabungkan kesemua sistem maklumat yang dibincangkan diatas
• Tujuan : memudahkan penggunaan sistem tersebut

    8.  Sistem Maklumat Pengetahuan

• Dikenali Knowledge Worker System
• Mengumpulkan (capture) pengetahuan daripada pelbagai sumber dan pakar dalam sesuatu perkara khusus
• Sistem ini dilakukan hanya dengan memasuki laman web dan pelayan web tertentu

KOMPONEN SISTEM MAKLUMAT BERKOMPUTER

1. Data
2. Perisian
3. Perkakasan
4. Manusia
5. Prosedur
6. Rangkaian

INFORMATION SYSTEM PART 1

 DEFINITION: A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a type of information system that collects, stores, modifies and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise. 

A transaction is any event that passes the ACID test in which data is generated or modified before storage in an information system 

FEATURES OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The success of commercial enterprises depends on the reliable processing of transactions to ensure that customer orders are met on time, and that partners and suppliers are paid and can make payment. The field of transaction processing, therefore, has become a vital part of effective business management, led by such organizations as the

Assosiation for work process improvement and transaction. 

Transaction processing systems offer enterprises the means to rapidly process transactions to ensure the smooth flow of data and the progression of processes throughout the enterprise. 

Typically, a TPS will exhibit the following characteristics: 

a)Rapid Processing 

The rapid processing of transactions is vital to the success of any enterprise – now more than ever, in the face of advancing technology and customer demand for immediate action. TPS systems are designed to process transactions virtually instantly to ensure that customer data is available to the processes that require it.  

b)Reliability 

Similarly, customers will not tolerate mistakes. TPS systems must be designed to ensure that not only do transactions never slip past the net, but that the systems themselves remain operational permanently. TPS systems are therefore designed to incorporate comprehensive safeguards and disaster recovery systems. These measures keep the failure rate well within tolerance levels.  

c)Standardization 

Transactions must be processed in the same way each time to maximize efficiency. To ensure this, TPS interfaces are designed to acquire identical data for each transaction, regardless of the customer.  

d)Controlled Access 

Since TPS systems can be such a powerful business tool, access must be restricted to only those employees who require their use. Restricted access to the system ensures that employees who lack the skills and ability to control it cannot influence the transaction process.  

e)Transactions Processing Qualifiers 

In order to qualify as a TPS, transactions made by the system must pass the ACID test. The ACID tests refers to the following four prerequisites:  

f)Atomicity 

Atomicity means that a transaction is either completed in full or not at all. For example, if funds are transferred from one account to another, this only counts as a bone fide transaction if both the withdrawal and deposit take place. If one account is debited and the other is not credited, it does not qualify as a transaction. TPS systems ensure that transactions take place in their entirety.  

g)Consistency 

TPS systems exist within a set of operating rules (or integrity constraints). If an integrity constraint states that all transactions in a database must have a positive value, any transaction with a negative value would be refused.  

h)Isolation 

Transactions must appear to take place in isolation. For example, when a fund transfer is made between two accounts the debiting of one and the crediting of another must appear to take place simultaneously. The funds cannot be credited to an account before they are debited from another.  

i)Durability 

Once transactions are completed they cannot be undone. To ensure that this is the case even if the TPS suffers failure, a log will be created to document all completed transactions.  

THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN MARKETING

Management Information system is defined as a system or process that provides the information necessary to manage an organization effectively. MIS and the information it generates are generally considered essential components of prudent and reasonable business decisions. Management Information Systems are distinct from Regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. 

MIS should have a clearly defined framework of guidelines, policies or practices, standards, and procedures for the organization. These should be followed throughout the institution in the development, maintenance, and use of all MIS. It is viewed and used at many levels by management. It should be supportive of the institution’s longer term strategic goals and objectives. 

What is Marketing and its objectives?

A market is defined as a commonplace where there are items for buying as well as selling. Marketing refers to the various strategies that one uses to build a brand name for products or services being offered by the company. The end objective of marketing is to incorporate a sense of recall among the existing and potential customers regarding the product or the service. Marketing helps to establish and enhance the credibility of the product or the service.

  

What is marketing information system? 

Marketing is one of the major factors for the sustenance of any business as revenues are a direct outcome of it. Information systems in marketing process include technologies that allow managers to access important and updated information about the customer wants and preferences and current market demands so that they can offer prompt and apt services. Information Systems also aid in determining and implementing effective marketing strategy.

The Marketing Information System focuses on only the marketing aspects of the management information system. It is an organized way of continually collecting, accessing and analyzing information that marketing managers need in order to make better decisions. 

The importance of MIS in marketing: 

1.  Order Processing System:  Computerized order processing system Captures sales orders from customers and processes the orders for further action. It checks the inventory availability, pending orders, production details etc., before accepting the customer order. Computerized sales order processing generates control report daily                 on orders processed, details of back orders, etc. 

2. Sales Management System: Computerized sales management System uses the data from sales order processing system to generate various sales related reports. This system supports accounts management, direct marketing, sales forecasting and sales Presentations. 

3.  Logistics Management: The physical distribution is a major activity of marketing function. It uses computer based OR models to find optimum location of warehouses, shipment routes, quantity to be       transported and stocked etc. 

4.  Consumer Research: Computerized transaction processing systems capture huge quantity of data about customers and their buying patterns etc. It is used to generate vital information about consumer behaviour. 

5. Sales Forecasting: Computer based mathematical and operations research models are used to forecast sales and marketing expenses. 

Sources of marketing information: 

1. Transaction data: The transaction data includes data about marketing activities such as sales data and sales expense data. 

2. Marketing research data: This includes data about consumers, product            promotion, prices, and packaging distribution agents. 

3. Corporate strategy and corporate plans: Corporate strategy and corporate plans based on detailed analysis of the company’s capabilities are useful sources of marketing information. 

4. Marketing research agencies: Marketing research agencies regularly            collect data about markets and make such database available to companies at a fee. 

the information is taken from here: http://www.projectmobius.org/938/the-importance-of-management-information-system-in-marketing.html