Top Programming Languages for 2011

As we know there are many type of programming language that use by people, but there are several that is most used over the world...

By Darryl K. Taft on 2010-12-20 

As 2011 approaches, eWEEK takes a look at the top 18 programming languages for developers going into the new year. This list is filled with the tried and true. In some instances, some observers might view a few of the picks as the "tired and through." However, despite their age, the workhorse languages such as C and C++ continue to remain at the top end of the software development landscape in terms of language use and job potential (despite growing more slowly and even decreasing, according to some sources). Moreover, this list is not intended to highlight the hot, hip new languages on the horizon, but to focus on where programmers can go to look for work. To compile this list, eWEEK checked out the TIOBE Index, which sorts out developer language popularity, Regular Geek as well as job sites such as Indeed.com andSimplyHired.com. Java has dominated the programming jobs rankings for the last several years and remains dominant going into 2011. According to Simply Hired, since April 2009, Java jobs increased 52 percent, Perl jobs increased 33 percent, C# jobs increased 52 percent, Objective C jobs increased 60 percent (however, a search for "Objective-C" showed a 207 percent increase in jobs), Visual Basic jobs increased 112 percent, JavaScript jobs increased 76 percent, Ruby jobs increased 78 percent, Python jobs increased 69 percent, C jobs increased 11 percent and PHP jobs increased 58 percent. Yet, Simply Hired shows a decrease of 13 percent in terms of jobs for the C++ language.

The programming language that we usually hear are: 

C, C++, Visual Basic, Java, JavaScript ....

Here i want to share more type of this popular programming language in 2011 that shown by Darryl K. Taft.

The different generations of languages

There are currently five generations of computer programming languages. In each generation, the languages syntax has become easier to understand and more human-readable. 

First generation languages (machine language)  

Represent the very early, primitive computer languages that consisted entirely of 1's and 0's - the actual language that the computer understands (machine language). 

Second generation languages (2GL)  

 A typical 2GL instruction looks like this: ADD 12,8

Represent a step up from from the first generation languages. Allow for the use of symbolic names instead of just numbers. Second generation languages are known as assembly languages. Code written in an assembly language is converted into machine language (1GL).

Third generation languages (3GL)   

 third-generation language is a "high-level" programming language, such asPL/I, C, or Java. Java language statements look like this:
public boolean handleEvent (Event evt) {
switch (evt.id) {
case Event.ACTION_EVENT: {
if ("Try me" .equald(evt.arg)) {

A compiler converts the statements of a specific high-level programming language into machine language. (In the case of Java, the output is called bytecode, which is converted into appropriate machine language by a Java virtual machine that runs as part of an operating system platform.) A 3GL language requires a considerable amount of programming knowledge.

With the languages introduced by the third generation of computer programming, words and commands (instead of just symbols and numbers) were being used. These languages therefore, had syntax that was much easier to understand. Third generation languages are known as "high level languages" and include C, C++, Java, and Javascript, among others.

Fourth generation languages (4GL)   

The syntax used in 4GL is very close to human language, an improvement from the pervious generation of languages. 4GL languages are typically used to access databases and include SQL and ColdFusion, among others. 

 4GL language statement might look like this: EXTRACT ALL CUSTOMERS WHERE "PREVIOUS PURCHASES" TOTAL MORE THAN $1000

Fifth generation languages (5GL)  

Fifth generation languages are currently being used for neural networks. A nueral network is a form of artifical intelligence that attempts to imitate how the human mind works. 

Fifth-generation language is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming classhierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components. 

Procedure-oriented programming

A type of programming where a structured method of creating programs is used. With procedure-oriented programming, a problem is broken up into parts and each part is then broken up into further parts. All these parts are known as procedures . They are separate but work together when needed. A main program centrally controls them all.

Some procedure-oriented languages are COBOL, FORTRAN, and C. 

Object oriented programming

A type of programming where data types representing data structures are defined by the programmer as well as their properties and the things that can be done with them. With object-oriented programming, programmers can also create relationships between data structures and create new data types based on existing ones by having one data type inherit characteristics from another one.

In object-oriented programming, data types defined by the programmer are called classes (templates for a real world object to be used in a program). For example, a programmer can create a data type that represents a car - a car class. This class can contain the properties of a car (color, model, year, etc.) and functions that specify what the car does (drive, reverse, stop, etc.)

Some object-oriented languages are C++, Java, and PHP.

 

Web Language and Software Language

for this section, I want to share about the programming language for web and the software of the languange...for more information, check it out below... 

Web languages

Used for creating and editing pages on the web. Can do anything from putting plain text on a webpage, to accessing and retrieving data from a database. Vary greatly in terms of power and complexity. 

• HTML 

Hyper Text Markup Language. The core language of the world wide web that is used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes. Although a fundamental language of the web, HTML is static - content created with it does not change. HTML is used to specify the content a webpage will contain, not how the page functions. Learn HTML at our HTML tutorials section. 

• XML 

Extensible Markup Language. A language developed by the W3C which works like HTML, but unlike HTML, allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers. XML allows for the transmission of data between applications and organizations through the use of its custom tags. 

• Javascript 

A language developed by Netscape used to provide dynamic and interactive content on webpages. With Javascript it is possible to communicate with HTML, create animations, create calculators, validate forms, and more. Javascript is often confused with Java, but they are two different languages. Learn Javascript at ourJavascript tutorials section. 

• VBScript 

Visual Basic Scripting Edition. A language developed by Microsoft that works only in Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser and web browsers based on the Internet Explorer engine such as FlashPeak's Slim Browser. VBScript Can be used to print dates, make calculations, interact with the user, and more. VBScript is based on Visual Basic, but it is much simpler. Learn VBScript at our VBScript tutorials section. 

• PHP 

Hypertext Preprocessor (it's a recursive acronym). A powerful language used for many tasks such as data encryption, database access, and form validation. PHP was originally created in 1994 By Rasmus Lerdorf. Learn PHP at our PHP tutorials section. 

 Software languages 

Used for creating executable programs. Can create anything from simple console programs that print some text to the screen to entire operating systems. Vary greatly in terms of power and complexity. 

1) C

An advanced programming language used for software application development. Originally developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the 1970's and designed to be a systems programming language but since then has proven itself to be able to be used for various software applications such as business programs, engineering programs, and even games. The UNIX operating system is written in C.

2) C++ 

Descendant of the C language. The difference between the two languages is that C++ is object-oriented. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs and is a very popular language for graphical applications. 

3) Visual Basic 

A language developed by Microsoft based on the BASIC language . Visual Basic is used for creating Windows applications. The VBScript language (also developed by Microsoft) is based on Visual Basic. 

4 ) Java 

A powerful and flexible language created by Sun MicroSystems that can be used to create applets (a program that is executed from within another program) that run inside webpages as well as software applications. Things you can do with Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading from files, and more. Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two different languages. Learn Java at our Java tutorials section

 

 

Japan vs. China in technology?

As we can see Japan makes better cars and robots and other electronic stuff like cellphones and tvs, but China makes overall better computers (lenovo beats toshiba, sony, etc). Also, China makes advanced weapons likes fighters, nukes, and ICBMS. So overall, which country is more technologically advanced?

China has probably the best military technology in the world but Japan has the best technology used for common citizens in the future.

China may be backward in new inventions and sophisticated innovations without the reverse-engineering, but that is mostly due to its long years of isolation from the capitalist world.

But now since it has joined the competiton on equal terms (actually relatively favorable terms) it’s only a matter of time before they catch up.

The market remaining favorable, China has the most powerful resource on earth; man/brain power 1.3 billioin strong and counting.

A big issue in China is all of the imitation products they manufacture. There is no innovation..

References: : 
http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/12/opinion/edchoate.php

Study Shows China as World Technology Leader

Technology indicators show China ahead of the U.S. in technological standing

Atlanta (January 24, 2008) —A new study of worldwide technological competitiveness suggests China may soon rival the United States as the principal driver of the world’s economy – a position the U.S. has held since the end of World War II. If that happens, it will mark the first time in nearly a century that two nations have competed for leadership as equals.

The study’s indicators predict that China will soon pass the United States in the critical ability to develop basic science and technology, turn those developments into products and services – and then market them to the world. Though China is often seen as just a low-cost producer of manufactured goods, the new “High Tech Indicators” study done by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology clearly shows that the Asian powerhouse has much bigger aspirations.

Georgia Tech’s “High Tech Indicators” study ranks 33 nations relative to one another on “technological standing,” an output factor that indicates each nation’s recent success in exporting high technology products. Four major input factors help build future technological standing: national orientation toward technological competitiveness, socioeconomic infrastructure, technological infrastructure and productive capacity.

China has been dramatically improving its input scores, which portends even stronger technological competitiveness in the future.

References : 

http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=1682

Malaysia Internet Subscribers to Double by 2012

January 30, 2007 KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia -- The number of the Internet subscribers in Malaysia is expected to reach the 10 million mark in the next five years according to Telekom Malaysia (TM) Bhd General Manager of Strategic Development Division, Dr Fadhlullah Suhaimi Abdul Malek. His statement is based on the growing trend of Internet users in the last three years as Malaysia moved towards advanced information, communications and multimedia services.

In 2004 the number of subscribers was 2.9 million, in 2005 it increased to 3.5 million subscribers, and in 2006 the number of subscribers in Malaysia was close to five million. This is an encouraging growing trend, and most of the Internet subscribers were eyeing for high speed broadband infrastructure.

Regarding the number of fraud cases involving Internet transactions are relatively small and Malaysia has sufficient laws to deal with such fraud cases. 

Internet Usage and Population Growth:

YEAR	Users	Population	Usage Source
2000	3,700,000	24,645,600	ITU
2005	10,040,000	26,500,699	C.I.Almanac
2006	11,016,000	28,294,120	ITU
2007	13,528,200	28,294,120	MCMC
2008	15,868,000	25,274,133	MCMC
2009	16,902,600	25,715,819	ITU
2010	16,902,600	26,160,256	ITU

Malaysia Search Engines and Local Directories:

NETWORK MALAYSIA	English	Malaysia Directory and Search Engine.
CARI	English	The first Malaysian search engine, in English and Malay.
GOOGLE	Malay and English	Google, Malaysian search engine. Site in Malay.
CATCHA	English	Catcha, the Malaysian Search Engine.
MALAYSIA CENTRAL	Bi-lingual	Bi-Lingual: English Search & Carian Bahasa Malaysia.
MALAYSIA DIRECTORY	English	Malaysian directory and search engine.
Colossus	English	Search Engine Directory for Malaysia.
YELLOW PAGES	English	Malaysian Yellow Pages. Also searches white pages, government, and embassies.
NOW SELL	English	Directory of Malaysian search engines. It Features the links for sending your URL.

Telecommunications and Internet in Malaysia:

Malaysia - Internet and E-Services Report

There is an increasing awareness of technology in Malaysia. With the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project and the government’s commitment to a technological society, a large number of high tech companies from around the world have started to set up in Malaysia. Get the complete report

Malaysia - Data and Broadband Services Report

Malaysia has been heavily promoting itself as an Information Technology hub in the Asia region. On the back of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Project, high tech companies have been setting up in Malaysia. But efforts by the government at encouraging the wider community to embrace technology have so far met with limited success. See summary.

Malaysia - Key Telecommunications Statistics Overview and Report

Many of the players in Malaysia’s telecommunications sector were seriously affected by the economic crisis of the late 1990s. Despite this, there has been strong growth in the sector over the last decade. Fixed-line services jumped from around 2 million in 1990 to about 4.7 million in 2002, resulting in a penetration approaching 20%. See summary.

Malaysia - Telecommunications Infrastructure Report

The building of Malaysia’s telecommunications infrastructure has seen extensive fibre optic networks installed across the length and breadth of the country. See summary.

China Internet users soar to 298 million

The number of Internet users in China jumped nearly 42 percent to 298 million by the end of 2008 from the previous year, cementing the country's position as the world's largest Internet population, the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) said.

The number of mobile Web surfers surged 113 percent to 117.6 million in 2008 and mobile Internet is expected to grow explosively in the next few years after the recent issuance of third-generation (3G) licenses, the state-run agency said.

The Internet penetration rate in China has risen to 22.6 percent, slightly higher than the world's average of 21.9 percent, CNNIC said in a report on Tuesday.

In addition, the number of Internet news readers has risen to 2.34 million and websites have become a crucial area for publicity, the report said.

News portals in China, such as Sina Corp and Sohu.com Inc, are the major sources of information for a large number of Internet users across the country.

Wary of threats to its grip on information, Beijing launched a crackdown on "vulgar" Web content this month after conducting numerous censorship efforts targeting pornography, political criticism and web scams in the past.

(Reporting by Michael Wei; Editing by Anshuman Daga)

Internet Usage and Population Statistics:

YEAR	Users	Population
2000	22,500,000	1,288,307,100
2001	33,700,000	1,288,307,100
2002	59,100,000	1,288,307,100
2003	69,000,000	1,288,307,100
2004	94,000,000	1,288,307,100
2005	103,000,000	1,289,664,808
2006	137,000,000	1,317,431,495
2007	162,000,000	1,317,431,495
2008	253,000,000	1,330,044,605
2009	384,000,000	1,338,612,968
2010	420,000,000	1,330,141,295

Programming language

A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.

The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year. Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description.

A programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning) and many programming languages have some kind of written specification of their syntax and/or semantics. Some languages are defined by a specification document, for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard, while other languages, such as Perl, have a dominant implementation that is used as a reference.

FIVE STEPS OFf PROGRAMMING

1. Clarify Programming Needs

·                     Clarify objectives and users

·                     Clarify desired outputs

·                     Clarify desired inputs

·                     Clarify desired processing

·                     Double - check feasibility of implementing the program

·                     Document the analysis

2. Design the Program

·                     Determine program logic through top down approach and modularization, using a hierarchy chart

·                     Design details using procedure and/or flowcharts, preferably involving control structure. 

3. Code the Program

·                     Select the appropriate high-level programming language

·                     Code the program in that language following the syntax carefully 

4. Test the Program

·                     Alpha testing is the process of reading through the program in search of errors in logic. The second step is to run a diagnostic program to search for syntax or input errors.

·                     Beta testing involves using the program in the real world to see if it contains any bugs or other deficiency

5. Document and Maintaiin               Write user documentation

·                     Write operator documentation

·                     Write programmer documentation

·                     Maintain the program